Italian Botanist 19:21—30 (2025) li :
doi: 10.3897/italianbotanist. 19. 132549 RESEARCH ARTICLE LW Ita lan Botanist

https://italianbotanist.pensoft.net

Inventory of the vascular flora of the alkaline fen
“Torbiera di Lipo?” (Veneto, northern Italy)

Katia Zanatta', Cesare Lasen?, Alberto Scariot®, Juri Nascimbene'

| BIOME Lab, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Alma Mater Studiorum —
Universita di Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, I-40126 Bologna, Italy 2. Via Mutten, 27, 32032 Arson di Feltre (BL),
Italy 3 Dottori Forestali Associati Cassol e Scariot, Sedico BL, Italy

Corresponding author: Katia Zanatta (katia.zanatta@unibo. it)

Academic editor: Fabrizio Bartolucci | Received 21 July 2024 | Accepted 14 October 2024 | Published 30 January 2025

Citation: Zanatta K, Lasen C, Scariot A, Nascimbene J (2025) Inventory of the vascular flora of the alkaline fen “Torbiera
di Lipoi” (Veneto, northern Italy). Italian Botanist 19: 21-30. https://doi.org/10.3897/italianbotanist.19.132549

Abstract

On the basis of literature, and herbarium data and new field research, we provide a diachronic floristic
inventory of a small alkaline fen meadow close to the southern border of the Dolomiti Bellunesi National
Park (Veneto, N-Italy), whose toponymal is “Torbiera di Lipoi”. Overall, 319 infrageneric taxa were
listed. Results indicate that, despite natural reforestation triggered by the abandonment of the traditional
management of the fen, most of the fen-related vascular species still occur, including red-listed species,
although their populations have probably decreased over time. Moreover, alien species are still a minor
component of the flora, occurring in small scattered populations. However, there are signals of vulner-
ability, and probably the current vascular flora reflects a previous situation in which fen-related habitats
were much larger than today. This urgently claims for active maintenance of the small open areas that still

exist to counteract extinction debt dynamics.

Keywords
Biodiversity, diachronic analysis, floristic data, phytogeography, Regional IUCN Red List, Wetlands

Introduction

Due to land use change and cessation of traditional land use, alkaline fens of the
Caricion davallianae Klika, 1934 are among the most endangered ecosystems in
Europe (Seer and Schrautzer 2014; DG Environment 2017). These fens are particu-
larly threatened in the southern Alps, where they are rare and small. In particular, fen

Copyright Katia Zanatta et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC
BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

22 Katia Zanatta et al. / Italian Botanist 19: 21-30 (2025)

meadows that developed under low-intensity management are experiencing a decline
in plant biodiversity and in rare and endangered plant species due to abandonment of
traditional mowing (Billeter et al. 2007; Amici et al. 2015). Lack of mowing triggers
natural reforestation, with consequent burial of areas with emerging water and rapid
replacement of typical fen species with shrubs and trees. The urgency of stopping the
ongoing trend requires targeted management actions and exhaustive floristic invento-
ries in order to provide baseline data for supporting biodiversity conservation.

In this framework, we focused our research on a small alkaline fen meadow close to
the southern border of the Dolomiti Bellunesi National Park (Veneto, N-Italy), whose
toponymal is “Torbiera di Lipoi”, included in the Natura 2000 network. This site has
been the subject of floristic studies and herbarium collections since the 1970s (Bufta
and Lasen 2010). Floristic studies started in those years with student theses, such as
that of L. Dalle Molle, published by Marcuzzi and Dalle Molle (1976). Later, some
references to the “Torbiera di Lipoi” appeared in the floristic catalogue of the Alpi
Feltrine (Lasen 1984), while in the same period the results of another thesis were pub-
lished in a local journal (Ricci 1985). An exhaustive synthesis was published in 1993,
which aggregated the floristic data available until that period, but scattered in different
sources (Lasen 1993). Floristic research resumed only in 2023 thanks to researchers
of the Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BIGEA) of
the University of Bologna as part of the Project “Bando Habitat 2020 — Fondazione
Cariverona — Progetto di rigenerazione e valorizzazione della Torbiera di Lipoi”.

The specific aim of this work is to provide an updated catalogue of the vascular
plants of this small fen and evaluate changes in floristic composition that could be
related to abandonment of traditional management. We also aim at qualitatively inter-
preting ecosystem dynamics and provide some suggestions for future conservation of
the vascular flora related to fen-habitats.

Materials and methods

Study area

The “Torbiera di Lipoi” (WGS84: 46.038611°N, 11.956667°E) is a rare case of alka-
line fen of the Caricion davallianae alliance with elements of transition mires, located
in a valley bottom of the pre-Alpine landscape of the Veneto region (mean elevation
300 m a.s.l.), precisely in Valbelluna, ENE of Feltre municipality (Belluno) and SE of
the village of Vellai (Fig. 1A).

A peculiarity of the area surrounding the fen is the presence of a well-preserved
traditional agroecosystem (Buffa and Lasen 2010), crossed by a rich hydrographic net-
work with hedges and forest strips. For its natural and cultural values, the “Torbiera
di Lipoi” is protected by the main urban planning instruments and represents the
core area of a larger site of the Natura 2000 network (SAC “IT3230042 Torbiera di
Lipoi’) that covers an area of 65 ha (https://download.mase.gov.it/Natura2000/Tras-
missione%20CE_dicembre2023/) (Fig. 1B).

Inventory of the vascular flora of the alkaline fen “Torbiera di Lipoi” 23

{ = |
Natura 2000 0 50

~*~ — © BaAlkaline fen =
4 ft z fa
304°C. Calzin 7 =_—=—_—

pot ee

Alkaline fen

area during: N

[}2003 9 25 50m
2022 |

Figure |. A the Zorbiera di Lipoi site in Italy B the alkaline fen in the context of the Natura 2000 area
C the extension of the fen in 2003 (green hatching) and in 2022 (yellow hatching).

The soil is made up of fluvial and alluvial overlying deposits of calcareous mo-
raines, originating from the Piave river glacier (Marcuzzi and Dalle Molle 1976; AR-
PAV 2005). The climate is temperate — continental (ARPAV 2000), with annual aver-
age temperature of about 12 °C and abundant precipitation (mean annual precipita-
tion 1,200-1,500 mm) with peaks in autumn and spring (Barbi et al. 2013).

The “Torbiera di Lipoi” was mowed for the production of straw and hay until
the end of the last century. In the last decades, the abandonment of traditional mow-
ing has strongly reduced the surface of the fen, modifying its physiognomy. Between
2003 and 2022, approximately 45% of its surface went lost due to natural encroach-
ment (Fig. 1C). Currently, the fen is a mosaic of natural and semi-natural habitats,
including those of alkaline fens (habitats Natura 2000 code 7210* and 7230), transi-
tion mires (habitat 7140), Molinia meadows on calcareous substrates (habitat 6410),

24 Katia Zanatta et al. / Italian Botanist 19: 21-30 (2025)

hygrophilous tall herb fringe communities (habitat 6430), hygrophilous Alnus gluti-
nosa woods (habitat 91E0*), Central European oak-hornbeam forests (habitat 9160),
and stable hay meadows (habitat 6510). Willow groves dominated by Salix cinerea L.
and Phragmito-Magnocaricetea Klika in Klika and Novak 1941 vegetation represent
two additional habitats that are not included in the Natura 2000 framework.

Floristic inventory

Data on vascular plants was retrieved from all available sources: four literature sources
(Marcuzzi and Dalle Molle 1976; Lasen 1984, 1993; Ricci 1985), one local herbarium
(i.e. “Herbarium C. Lasen” preserved at the Museo Naturalistico Dolomiti Bellunesi,
Belluno), and recent fieldwork carried out between 2023 and 2024 in the framework
of the Project “Bando Habitat 2020 — Fondazione Cariverona — Progetto di rigenerazi-
one e valorizzazione della Torbiera di Lipoi”.

The temporal distribution of the data covers a time span of 50 years, from 1974
to 2024, with a first catalogue in 1993 (Lasen 1993), when the alkaline fen was still
traditionally managed. Even if the exact position of the historical records is not known,
the study site is morphologically well defined and, therefore, a diachronic comparison
between the pre-abandonment period and the current situation, after about 20 years
of abandonment, is reasonable and useful for future conservation, monitoring and
management. The floristic scenario related to the pre-abandonment period was based
on bibliographic and herbarium data, while that referred to the current situation re-
sults from a new exhaustive floristic survey carried out during spring-summer 2023
and 2024. To evaluate shifts in floristic composition between the pre-abandonment
period and the current situation, life forms, chorology, and conservation value of the
species were compared between the two periods. Taxonomic, nomenclatural and distri-
butional data were retrieved from the Portal to the Flora of Italy (https://dryades.units.
it/floritaly/index.php; Martellos et al. 2020), updated according to the most recent
checklists of the native (Bartolucci et al. 2024) and alien plants of Italy (Galasso et al.
2024). The local distribution and IUCN category refer to the Flora of Veneto (Argenti
et al. 2019) and to the Red List of Veneto (Buffa et al. 2016) respectively, while life
forms and chorotypes were retrieved from Pignatti et al. (2017a, 2017b, 2018).

Results

The catalogue of the vascular flora of the “Torbiera di Lipoi” includes 319 infrageneric
taxa (Suppl. material 1). Seventy-seven taxa were newly found only during the recent
floristic survey, while 165 taxa have been confirmed from historical surveys. Seventy-
eight taxa were not confirmed. Among these, the historical occurrence of Carex acuta
L., C. riparia Curtis, Galium palustre L. subsp. elongatum (C.Presl) Arcang., G. verum
L. subsp. wirtgeni (EW.Schultz) Oborny, and Ranunculus tuberosus Lapeyt. is consid-
ered doubtful and probably due to misidentification.

Inventory of the vascular flora of the alkaline fen “Torbiera di Lipoi” 235

The infrageneric taxa belong to 67 families, seven of which account for about 55%
of the total vascular flora (Poaceae 37 taxa, Cyperaceae 32, Asteraceae 20, Lamiaceae
16, Ranunculaceae 16, Rosaceae 16, Fabaceae 14). Compared to the pre-abandonment
period, Campanulaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Linaceae, Polygalaceae, and Potamogeton-
aceae were not found during the recent survey, while new families were found, viz.
Caprifoliaceae, Dioscoreacaee, and Onagraceae.

The analysis of life-forms highlights that hemicryptophytes, geophytes, phanerophytes,
and therophytes are the most represented, followed by nanophanerophytes, and chamae-
phytes. Proportions of life forms are relatively constant over time (Fig. 2), even if hydro-
phytes were not found during the recent survey and phanerophytes tended to increase.

The chorological spectrum is dominated by Eurasian, European-Caucasic, Euro-
siberian, European and Circumboreal species, while Paleotemperate, Subcosmopolite,
and south-southeastern European species are less represented. Compared to the pre-
abandonment period, the Eurasian, Eurosiberian, and European species clearly de-
crease (Fig. 3).

North American species are the main alien taxa and their proportion increased
over time. Overall, alien species represent 4.4% of the total flora. Ten are invasive (e.g.
Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (Willd.) G.L.Nesom, and Solidago gigantea Aiton), one is
naturalized, one casual and two cryptogenetic.

Plantago altissima 1. is included in the regional Red List (Buffa et al. 2016) as
critically endangered. Seven species are considered vulnerable: Festuca trichophylla
(Ducros ex Gaudin) K.Richt., Gentiana pneumonanthe L., Carex lasiocarpa Ehth.,
Carex randalpina B.Walln., Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) Soé, Equisetum fluviatile L.,
Taraxacum sect. Palustria (H.Lindb.) Dahlst., while Epipactis palustris (L.) Crantz,
Menyanthes trifoliata L., and Cladium mariscus (L.) Pohl are near threatened. Two

| | | | Pa, a | 1 i
Ch G H He NP Pp Th

Hy

vi
=
Oo
oO
QO
w
Sd
oO
—
7
ae!
=
=
=

HM managed abandoned

Figure 2. Comparison of the life forms composition between the pre-abandonment period and the cur-
rent situation. Life forms abbreviations: Chamaephytes (Ch); Geophytes (G); Hemicryptophytes (H);
Helophytes (He); Hydrophytes (Hy); Nanophanerophytes (NP); Phanerophytes (P); Therophytes (Th).

26 Katia Zanatta et al. / Italian Botanist 19: 21-30 (2025)

20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0

8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0

as

ok eh oO"
Rez Se Ro & (a)
- s 3s

tht.
7 Q° . &
<<

&
wx

M managed M# abandoned

Figure 3. Comparison of the chorotype composition between the pre-abandonment period and the

current situation.

Table |. Temporal distribution of observations. Species included in the threat categories of the Veneto
Red List for which it is necessary to implement specific conservation actions, VU = Vulnerable; EN = En-

dangered; CR = Critically Endangered.

Year of observation

CR 1976 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1993 1996 2012 2013 2015 2022 2023
Plantago altissima L. V Vv V Vv V

EN
Utricularia minor L. Vv Vv J Vv Vv

RE
Potamogeton gramineus L. v

VU
Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. Vv Vv Vv
Carex randalpina B. Walln. Vv Vv v Vv
Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) Soé v v v
Equisetum fluviatile L. V J Vv Vv V V
Festuca trichophylla (Ductos ex Gaudin) K.Richt. v v V
Gentiana pneumonanthe L. Vv Vv V
Taraxacum sect. Palustria (H.Lindb.) Dahlst. V V

red-listed species recorded in the past were not found, and could be extinct at the local

level, i.e. Rosa gallica L., Utricularia minor L.; Potamogeton gramineus L. is considered
extinct at the regional level (Buffa et al 2016; Bartolucci et al. 2024) (Table 1).

Discussion

Natural reforestation, triggered by the abandonment of traditional management of
the fen, strongly modified the vegetation of the “Torbiera di Lipoi”, mainly by reduc-
ing the surface of the most typical fen-related Natura 2000 habitats and likely caus-
ing the local extinction of strictly aquatic taxa, such as Potamogeton gramineus and

Inventory of the vascular flora of the alkaline fen “Torbiera di Lipoi” 27

Utricularia minor. However, our results indicate that most of the fen-related vascular
species still occur, including red-listed ones, although their populations have probably
decreased over time. Interestingly, this does not appear to be the case for Cladium
mariscus and Carex lasiocarpa that are clearly expanding in the fen (personal observa-
tion of the authors).

The prevalence of hemicryptophytes in the vascular flora of our study site indicates
adaptation to grazing or mowing, typical of open herbaceous environments (Midolo
et al. 2024). However, according to our diachronic comparison, the trend is towards a
decrease in the number of species with biological forms typical of open environments
and an increase in the number of species linked to reforestation, as in the case of geo-
phytes and phanerophytes. This trend is corroborated by historical bibliography. For
example, in Ricci (1985), Salix cinerea, Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn., and Quercus robur
L. subsp. robur were mentioned as occurring in scattered populations, while currently
they are widespread across much of the fen surface. Similarly, other species of trees and
shrubs and also herbaceous plants have colonized the site in recent decades, as in the
case of Frangula alnus Mill. subsp. alnus and Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.

Besides these dynamics, the biogeographic framework of the vascular plant biota is
relatively stable, as indicated by the prevalence across time slices of the chorotypes that
are typical of fen habitats, as in the case of Eurasian, Eurosibirian, European-Caucasian,
and Circumboreal chorotypes that reflect the continental and microthermal character
of the cold-temperate zones. The SSE-European chorotype is indicative of the south-
eastern Alpine character of the “Torbiera di Lipoi”. However, the steep reduction of
fen-habitats during the last 20 years suggests that in the near future the biogeographic
structure of this site could also be modified. This view is also corroborated by the in-
crease in the number of alien, mainly north-American, species. Actually, only Veronica
persica Poit., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Erigeron annuus (L.) Desf. subsp. annuus, and
Oxalis stricta L., were already recorded since the 1990s (Lasen 1993), before abandon-
ment of traditional management. Fortunately, with the exception of Symphyotrichum
lanceolatum that forms a relatively large but defined population in the eastern sector of
the fen, alien species still occur in small scattered populations. This indicates, on the
one hand, that the site still holds a low risk of invasion but, on the other, that its fragil-
ity is connected to the fact that any disturbance could immediately trigger an invasion
process since the sources of propagules are already on site (Corcos et al. 2020).

Conclusions and suggestions for conservation

Despite rapid reforestation dynamics, our study indicates that the vascular flora of this
small alkaline fen still reflects a previous situation in which fen-related habitats were
much larger than today. In other words, the extinction debt related to the reduction
of these habitats does not yet seem to have been completely paid and this still provides
some opportunities for the conservation of several fen-related species in the future
(Kuussaari et al. 2009). Since it is unlikely that the traditional management condi-
tions of the past will be restored, or that newly formed forest habitats (that are also
interesting for many animal species) will be eliminated, the possibility for conservation

28 Katia Zanatta et al. / Italian Botanist 19: 21-30 (2025)

is limited to the active maintenance of the small open areas that still exist. However,
management activities must be conducted on a small scale, with extremely limited
operations (e.g., manual mowing and fast removal of material outside the fen) and in
the appropriate season (e.g., winter) to avoid the risk of triggering the spread of alien
species, which could also be enhanced by the increasingly favorable climatic condi-
tions linked to global change. Furthermore, management activities should be com-
bined with a suitable monitoring program to promptly evaluate their effects and make
any changes if unexpected dynamics arise.

Acknowledgements

This study was carried out in the framework of the project “Bando Habitat 2020 —
Fondazione Cariverona — Progetto di rigenerazione e valorizzazione della Torbiera di
Lipoi”, funded by Fondazione Cariverona.

We are grateful to Gianni Poloniato, curator of the Herbarium of the Naturalistic
Museum Dolomiti Bellunesi (Belluno) for allowing the study on exsiccata from the
“Torbiera di Lipoi”. We are also grateful to Carlo Argenti for the suggestions he gave us.

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Supplementary material |

Floristic list and records

Authors: Katia Zanatta, Cesare Lasen, Alberto Scariot, Juri Nascimbene

Data type: docx

Copyright notice: This dataset is made available under the Open Database License
(http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License
(ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and
use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the
original source and author(s) are credited.

Link: https://doi.org/10.3897/italianbotanist.19.132549.suppl1